ࡱ > q bjbjt+t+ . A A pb ] ( ( ( ( ( < ( & < < < < < < < 2 V Q < < < < < < < < < 2 < < ( ( < | < D 8=8AB5@AB2> M:>=>3> @0728B8O >1@07>20=8O 8 B>@3>2;8 >AA89A:>9 $545@0F88 >AA89A:>9 $545@0F88 >AC40@AB25==K9 C=825@A8B5B- KAH0O H:>;0 M:>=>1@5=0 =0 70A540=88 !5:F8O A>F8>;>38O :0D54@K M:>=>9 A>F8>;>388 @54A540B5;L 02. :0D54@>9 . . 04052 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 0 0 2 3. _ 5 45:01@O_ 2 0 0 2 3. @>3@0<<0 48AF8?;8=K @0:B8:C M:>=>9 A>F8>;>388 4;O =0?@02;5=8O 5 2 1 2 0 0 - A>F8>;>38O ( 2B>@0O ABC?5=L 2KAH53> ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>3> >1@07>20=8O) >A:20, 2 0 0 2 3. >OA=8B5;L=0O 70?8A:0 2B>@ ?@>3@0<@8G5A:8E =0C:, 4>F5=B . . !CA>:>;>2 I - I V 4C;8 0:0;02@80B 3 :C@A. !?5F80;870F8O - M:>=>F8>;>38O 1 . A=>2=>9 7040G59 @0:B8:C;CG5=85 ABC45=B02 @01>BK 2 @50;L=>9 A8BC0F88 ?@>2545=8O A>F8>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89. @0:B8:C4=8< 87 M;52 87CG5=8O ABC45=B0F8>;>30<8 4>2 A>F8>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89, =0@O4C A :C@A0 40@0 8 >1@01>B:8 A>F8>;>38G5A:>9 8=D>@<0F88. @0<:0E @0:B8:CA20820NB >1I85 ?@8=F8?K ?>AB@>5=8O A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O, 8 =081>;55 ?>?C;O@=K9 2 A>F8>;>388 4 0=:5B=>3> >?@>A0 8 8=B5@2LN, 0 B0:65 =02K:8 ?>43>B>2:8 4>:C2 A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O 8 @50;870F88 >A=>2=KE ?@>F54C@, A0AB>OB5;L=> @07@010BK20O ?@>3@0<2>4O 8AA;54>20=8O ?> 2K1@0==K< B5<0OI0O @>3@0<<0 ?@54AB02;O5B 8 MB>B ?5@2K9 F8:; @0:B8:C<0. @0:B8:C==K5 G0AK, A52K5 :>=AC;LB0F88- A>15A54>20=8O A ?@5?>4020B5;OE>645=8O @0:B8:C;65=: - 70:@5?8BL 7=0=8O, ?>;CG0545 ?@>A;CH820=8O ?@542 48G5A:>3> F8:;0; - >7=0:>;CG8BL =02K:8 >D>@A=>2=KE 4>:C2 A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O; - ?@0:B8G5A:8 >A2>8BL >A=>2=K5 >@30=870F8>==K5 ?@8=F8?K A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O; - ?>;CG8BL =02K:8 A0AB>OB5;L=>3> ?@>2545=8O 8AA;54>20=8O =0 2A5E 53> AB048OE, 2 B>BK 2 3@C??5; - >7=0:>;CG8BL =02K:8 @01>BK A> 2A?>30B5;L=KG=8:020=8O ( AB0B8AB8:0 =0A5;5=8O, 254>@<0;L=K5 8=B5@2LN, 8 B. 4. ) , 0 B0:65 A0AB>OB5;L=>9 ?>43>B>2:8 ;8B>17>@0; - ?>;CG8BL =02K:8 ?>43>B>2:8 >BG5B0, ?@575=B0F88 8 ?C1;8:0F88 2 8AA;54>20=8O. B>38 @0:B8:C;55 25@=CN >F5=:C A?>A>1=>AB8 ABC45=B0 : A0AB>OB5;L=><C <KH;5=8N, CB0BL 8=48284C0;L=> 8 2 :>;;5:B825, 8=8F80B82=>AB8, >@30=87>20==>AB8. > 8B>30< @0:B8:C<0 6=> ?>;CG8BL =081>;55 >1J5:B82=>5 ?@54AB02;5=85 > B>;L:> ABC45=BK CA2>8;8 A>45@60=85 >A=>2=KE 48G5A:8E :C@A>2. 2 . 01>B0 2 @0:B8:C;0305B 7=0=85 >A=>2 B5>@5B8G5A:>9 A>F8>;>388 8 >1I55 ?@54AB02;5=85 >1 55 >B@0A;52KE =0?@02;5=8OE; 0 B0:65 >A=>2 <0B59 8 ?@8:;04=>9 AB0B8AB8:8 4;O A>F8>;>3>2. @0:B8:C2>48BAO ?0@0;;5;L=> A ?@>A;CH820=852 ?> M:>=>9 A>F8>;>388, ?> 40@0 8 0=0;870 ?5@28G=>9 A>F8>;>38G5A:>9 8=D>@= >@30=87>20= B0:81@07>1K ?@0:B8G5A:>5 8A?>;L7>20=85 ?5@5G8A;5==KE =02K:>2 ?> 48AF8?;8=0< 87 48G5A:>3> 1;>:0, 0 B0:65 7=0=89 ?> B5>@5B8G5A:8F8>;>38G5A:8< 48AF8?;8=020;> =5?>A@54AB25==> 70 8E >A2>5=85>B25BAB2CNI8E :C@A0E. @0:B8:C?8@05BAO =0 :C@AK 4>2 A1>@0 8 0=0;870 A>F8>;>38G5A:>9 8=D>@A>1AB2CO 8E 1>;55 3;C1>:>5=8N, => 2 >A=>2=>A@54>B0G820NBAO =0 ?@0:B8G5A:8E 0A?5:B0E 4>2 ( =0?@8=>2:8 0=:5BK, ?@>2545=8O ?8;>B060, >@30=870F88 2K1>@:8, D>@20=8O 8AA;54>20B5;LA:>3> :>;;5:B820, 8 B. 4. ) . 3 . @30=870F8O @0:B8:C45 @0:B8:C25:0) ; :0640O 3@C??0 @07@010BK205B 8 @50;87C5B ?@>3@0<;LH>3> CG51=>3> A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O A 8A?>;L7>20=85< @07;8G=KE 4>2 8 8AB>G=8:>2. "5<K 2K18@0NBAO ABC45=B0<8 A0AB>OB5;L=>; ?@8@ B520=8O ?@54;0305BAO ?@5?>4020B5;O<8. @0:B8:C 4C;O< A;54CNI81@07>@ B543>B>2:0 ?@>3@0<20=8O ( I 4C;L) ; - @07@01>B:0 48:8 8AA;54>20=8O ( I I 4C;L) ; - >@30=870F8O 8 ?@>2545=85 8AA;54>20=8O ( I I I 4C;L) ; - ?>43>B>2:0 >BG5B0 8 ?@575=B0F8O @57C;LB0B>2 8AA;54>20=8O ( V 4C;L) . 04@>2>5 >15A?5G5=85 @0:B8:CBC :064>9 8AA;54>20B5;LA:>9 3@C??K :C@8@C5B ?@5?>4020B5;L 8;8 A>B@C4=8: :0D54@K M:>=>9 A>F8>;>388 ( :C@0B>@) . ?B84=>3> :C@0B>@0. 01>B0 @0:B8:C@30=87C5BAO 8 :>>@48=8@C5BAO A>B@C4=8:09 ;01>@0B>@88. 0254CNI89 ;01>@0B>@859 O2;O5BAO @C:>2>48B5;5< @0:B8:C2>48B5;O @0:B8:CB@C4=8:>2 ;01>@0B>@88 : 2E>48B: - :>=B@>;L A@>:>2 @50;870F88 >B45;L=KE MB0?>2 CG51=KE 8AA;54>20=89; - >@30=870F8O 10=:0 40==KE ?> <0B5@80;020=89, 0 B0:65 10=:0 8=AB@C@30=870F8O 8 ?@>2545=85 8B>3>2>9 :>=D5@5=F88; - GB5=85 ;5:F89 ?> >A=>2=K?@>A09 >@30=870F88 8 ?@575=B0F88 A>F8>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89. >1O70==>AB8 :C@0B>@>2 2E>48B: - GB5=85 >@85=B0F8>==KE ;5:F89 ?> =081>;55 ?5@A?5:B82=K< =0?@02;5=8O20=89 2 >1;0AB8 M:>=>9 A>F8>;>388; - ?>IL ABC45=B041>@5 ;8B5@0BC@K ?> 871@0==>9 B520=8O; - :>=AC;LB8@>20=85 ?> AB@C:BC@5 B5:AB0 8 53> A>45@60=8N, G0AB8G=>5 @540:B8@>20=85; - :>=AC;LB8@>20=85 ?> 48:0;L7C5<K45 @0:B8:C=B@>;L :0G5AB20 8A?>;=5=8O >B45;L=KE M;52 48:8 ( D>@2:8 2>?@>A>2, :>=>2:8 0=:5BK, ?;0=8@>20=8O 8 @50;870F88 2K1>@:8, >D>@BG5B0, 8 B. 4. ) ; - ?>IL 2 >@30=870F88 8AA;54>20=89, 2 ?@>2545=88 ?@575=B0F89; - ?>IL 2 ?C1;8:0F88 2 8AA;54>20=89; - CG0AB85 2 ?@575=B0F88 2 8AA;54>20=89. 5:F8>==K9 :C@A @0:B8:C< MB0?5 ( I 4C;L) 1C4CI85 :C@0B>@K 8AA;54>20B5;LA:8E 3@C?? @0AA:07K20NB ABC45=B0 B520=89, :>B>@K5 >=8 3CB :C@8@>20BL. 0 2B>@>2>48B5;L @0:B8:C2 A> A?5F80;L=> 2K45;5==KB@C4=8:0 ?@>1;5<09 >@30=870F88, ?@>2545=8O 8 ?@575=B0F88 @57C;LB0B>2 8AA;54>20=8O ( I I - I V 4C;8) . 4 . $>@=B@>;O A=>2=>9 D>@9 >BG5B=>AB8 ABC45=B>2 2 E>45 @0:B8:C43>B>2;5==K5 8G85 4>:C20=8O: @>3@0<2>9 >BG5B > ?@>2545=88 8AA;54>20=8O, >BG5B > ?8;>B065, 4>3>2>@ =0 ?@>2545=85 8AA;54>20=8O 8 A>?CBAB2CNI85 5:CA=>2=>9 >BG5B, >D>@>B25BAB288 A> AB0=40@B0F5=:5 @01>BK ABC45=B>2 CG8BK20NBAO 420 >A=>2=KE ?0@0 ?>43>B>2;5==KE 4>:C2; - A@>:8 A40G8 4>:C2. F5=:0 >ACI5AB2;O5BAO A;54CNI81@07>@ 2KAB02;O5B >F5=:C ?> 45AOB810;;L=>9 A8AB5 :064>>B25BAB288 A 53> 2:;04>B:C >1I59 ?@>3@0<3> 70 :064K;6=0 1KBL 70:@5?;5= >?@545;5==K9 CG0AB>: @01>BK =0 :064>3@0<: 8=AB@CBG5B0) . 5:>B>@K5 MB0?K 8 4>:CB>@KE 2:;04 :064>3> ABC45=B0 >?@545;8BL B@C4=>, >F5=820NBAO =0 3@C??C 2 F5;> 8B>30< ?@0:B8:C48BAO 8B>3>20O >F5=:0, A CG5B>3> MB0?0 ( 2:;NG0O ?@575=B0F8N) . B>3>20O >F5=:0 2KAB02;O5BAO @C:>2>48B5;5< @0:B8:C A>3;0A>20=8N A :C@0B>@045@60=85 ?@>3@0<<K. 1 4C;L 040G59 70=OB89 2 I 4C;5 O2;O5BAO >7=0:><;5=85 A B59 8AA;54>20=89, :>B>@K<8 3CB @C:>2>48BL :C@0B>@K. ;0= ;5:F89 A>AB02;O5BAO 8=48284C0;L=> 4;O :064>3> ?>B>:0, B0: :0: A>AB02 :C@0B>@>2 65B <5=OBLAO. 2 4C;L "54=0O. A>15==>AB8 A>F8>;>388 :0: >B@0A;8 7=0=89. !>F8>;>38O :0: >B@0A;L =0CG=>3> 7=0=8O 8 AD5@0 A>F80;L=>9 45OB5;L=>AB8. A=>2=K5 DC=:F88 A>F8>;>388 2 >1I5AB25. "8?>;>38O A>F8>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89: B5>@5B8:>- >@85=B8@>20==K5; B5>@5B8:>- ?@8:;04=K5, ?@58 ?@8:;04=K5. 4=>=38BN4=K5 8 ?0=5;L=K5 8AA;54>20=8O. ;8F >?@>AK, :0: A?5F8D8G5A:89 284 ?@8:;04=KE 8AA;54>20=89. 07;8G8O 2 ?@>3@0<<5, 40E 8 D>@BG5B=>AB8 2 :064>2 8AA;54>20=8O. !>F8>;>38O :0: :0=0; DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O 8=D>@1I5AB25. !>F8>;>38O 8 6C@=0;8AB8:0. 1J5:B 8AA;54>20=8O ( 87CG0520B5;L: A>>B=>H5=85 8E 8=B5@5A>2, 2708459AB285 8 2708?>=81;53> A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O. !>>B=>H5=8O O7K:0 0:07G8:0, A?>;=8B5;O 8 1J5:B0 8AA;54>20=8O :0: 3;02=0O ?@>1;5@30=870F88 8 48G5A:>3> >15A?5G5=8O. "5AB0=>2:0 8 ?5@28G=K9 0=0;87 ?@>1;520=8O. =D>@==>5 >15A?5G5=85 ?>43>B>28B5;L=>3> MB0?0 8AA;54>20=8O. A=>2=K5 7040G8 ?>43>B>28B5;L=>3> MB0?0 8 B@51>20=8O : 53> 8B>3>2K:C<5=B0B:0 ?@5420@8B5;L=>9 45;8 >1J5:B0 8AA;54>20=8O. AB>G=8:8, 8A?>;L7C545 ?>43>B>28B5;L=>3> MB0?0: ?@5AA0, AB0B8AB8:0, =5D>@20==K9 >?@>A M:A?5@B>2, =0CG=K5 ?C1;8:0F88, 8E A>>B=>H5=85 2 ?5@28G=>9 @07@01>B:5 B541>@0 M:A?5@B>2 =0 ?@5420@8B5;L=>B0 A =8<8. "543>B>2:0 ?@>3@0<20=8O. A=>2=K5 @0745;K @>3@0<AB0=>2:0 ?@>1;5>B=>H5=85 ?@0:B8G5A:8E 8 B5>@5B8G5A:8E ?@>1;520=8O. 1J5:B 8 ?@5420=8O. !>>B=>H5=85 >1J5:B0 8 35=5@0;L=>9 A>2>:C?=>AB8. A=>2=K5 ?>=OB8O 8AA;54>20=8O. "5>@5B8G5A:>5 8 M5 >?@545;5=85 ?>=OB89. 8?>B57K 8AA;54>20=8O. 1I55 ?@54AB02;5=85 > 38?>B5B8:>- 454C:B82=>< 45. ?8A0B5;L=K5 8 >1JOA=ONI85 38?>B57K. 0C70;L=K9 2K2>4 8 53> A>>B=>H5=85 A 4025@:8 38?>B57 2 A>F8>;>38G5A:>20=88. A=>2=K5 4>;>38G5A:85 ?@8=F8?K D>@2:8 8 ?@5420@8B5;L=>9 >F5=:8 38?>B57( I=>ABL, 25@8D8F8@C5ABL, ?;>4>B2>@=>ABL, ?@>AB>B0) . A=>2=K5 AE520=8O 2 7028A8AB8 >B A>>B=>H5=8O 7028A8<KE 8 =57028A8<KE ?5@520=8O; >3@0=8G5==K5 2>76=>AB8 @07@01>B:8 ?@5420@8B5;L=KE AB@>3>9 :0C70;L=>9 45;8. A=>2=K5 B@51>20=8O : >D>@3@0<F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O. "5B:0 8=AB@C<5=B0@8O 2>3> >?@>A0. 1I85 2>?@>AK. >43>B>2:0 0=:5BK 8 D>@20=85 2K1>@:8 :0: 425 >A=>2=K5 ?@>F54C@K 8 425 2708A2O70==K5 AB>@>=K 48G5A:>3> >A=0I5=8O A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O. 07=>284=>AB8 8=48284C0;L=KE >?@>A>2: ;8G=>5 8 B5;5D>==>5 8=B5@2LN, " @0740B>G=>5" 0=:5B8@>20=85, ?>GB>2K9 >?@>A, >?@>A 2 8=B5@=5B, M:A?5@B=K9 >?@>A. @>1;5<K B820F88 CG0AB8O 2 0=:5B=KE >?@>A0E. "5>@8O A>F80;L=>3> >1@5B8G5A:0O 1070 B820F88 A>F80;L=>3> >?@>A0. A=>2=K5 ?>4E>4K : ?>2KH5=8N C@>2=O B820F88 @5A?>=45=B>2. "5?@>A ( ?@87=0:) :0: >A=>2=>9 M;5<5=B 0=:5BK. 5@5<5==0O 8 C=825@AC2. =:5B0 :0: A8AB5@>: 87 C=825@AC2. A=>2=K5 A?>A>1K ?>AB@>5=8O C=825@AC2 2>?@>A>2 0=:5BK. @8=F8?K :;0AA8D8:0F88 ?@87=0:>2 0=:5BK: ?> A>45@60=8N, D>@=0;L=>9 =03@C7:5. ;0AA8D8:0F8O " 70:@KBKE" ?@87=0:>2: ?> AB@C:BC@5 A03> ?@87=0:0 - D0:BK, AC645=8O, 2>?@>AK; ?> AB@C:BC@5 :0B53>@89: D0:BK, 48E>B> A>45@60=8N: =0 2KO2;5=85 D0:B>2, E0@0:B5@8AB8:, ?>2545=8O, CAB0=>2>:. 07;8G8O 2 AB5?5=8 =0456=>AB8 8 CAB>9G82>AB8 8=D>@;CG059 A ?>ILN 2>?@>A0 :064>3> B8?0. !>>B=>H5=85 B@C4>5AB8 @07;8G=KE 2>?@>A>2. 07;8G=K5 B8?K :>48@>2:8 70:@KBKE 2>?@>A>2: 8E ?@58AB0B:8. !?>A>1K :0B53>@870F88 >B:@KBKE 8 70:@KBKE 2>?@>A>2. A=>2=K5 :@8B5@88 :0G5AB20 2>?@>A>2. @>B82>@5G82>ABL B@51>20=89, ?@54JO2;O5?@>A0G:8 7@5=8O @07;8G=KE :@8B5@852. 45=B8G=>ABL B@0:B>2:8, 2:;NG5=85 A;5=3>2, =5G5B:>ABL A>45@60=8O, G@57G=>ABL, B5=45=F8>7=>ABL, 8 B. 4. #AB>9G82>ABL 2>?@>A>2 @07;8G=>3> B8?0 : 87@2:8. @028;0 D>@2:8 A>F80;L=>- 453@0D8G5A:8E 2>?@>A>2 ( ?>;, 2>7@0AB, >1@07>20=85, ?@>D5AA8O 8 70=OB85, >B@0A;L, =0F8>=0;L=>ABL, @>645=8O, >B=>H5=85 A 8=48:0B>@0;L7C5<KD8F80;L=>9 AB0B8AB8:5. 564C=0@>4=K5 AB0=40@BK. @0:B8:0 ?>AB0=>2:8 MB8E 2>?@>A>2 2 A>F8>;>388 8 AB0B8AB8:5 @07;8G=KE AB@0=. "@51>20=8O : ?5@2>?@>AC 0=:5BK: ?@>AB>B0, =59B@0;L=>ABL, >B=>H5=85 : :064>=45=BC. >?@>AK =0 >F5=:C A8BC0F88 >?@>A0 8 :0G5AB20 0=:5BK. "52:0 8 >D>@=OB8O 8 ?5@5F8>;>38G5A:>20=88. -20=85 :0: 420 27084>?>;=ONI8E ?@>F5AA0. 1I55 ?@54AB02;5=85 > H:0;0E 2 A>F8>;>38G5A:>F80;L=>- ?A8E>;>38G5A:>20=88. A>15==>AB8 AB@C:BC@K A>F8>;>38G5A:8E H:0; ?> A@02=5=8N A ?A8E>;>38G5A:8<8 8 H:0;02545=G5A:8E =0C:. ?B8<0;L=K5 @07>B=>H5=85 1;>:>2 2 0=:5B5. A=>2=K5 MB0?K 8 ?@85B:8 0=:5BK: A>AB02;5=85 1;>:>2 2>?@>A>2, @0A?@545;5=85 2>?@>A>2 2=CB@8 1;>:>2, @0A?@545;5=85 1;>:>2, ?5@5?@>A>2 :0@2:0 A2O7>: 8 D8;LB@>2. A?>;L7>20=85 107 40==KE 8 @540:F8>==KE A8AB543>B>2:5 0=:5BK. A=>2=K5 ?@028;0 >D>@@;>65=85 1;>:>2 =0 @072>@>B0E, ?5@5E>4K :0A;5 D8;LB@>2, :>48@>2:0, >D>@B:@KBKE 2>?@>A>2. D>@1;>6:8. "@51>20=8O A>2@52 8 A8AB5< C?@02;5=8O 107048@>2:5 2>?@>A>2 0=:5BK. $>@20=85 0=:5B ?>;8B520=89: B5>@5B8G5A:85 2>76=>AB8 A>>B=>H5=8O 1;>:>2 2>?@>A>2 8 2K1>@:8 2 7028A8AB8 >B B8?0 8AA;54>20=8O. !?5F8D8:0 0=:5B=>3> >?@>A0 2 :@>AA- :C;LBC@=KE 8AA;54>20=8OE. =:5BK 2 ;>=38BN4=KE 8 ?0=5;L=KE 8AA;54>20=8OE. >38G5A:89 :>=B@>;L A>45@60=8O 0=:5BK. !?>A>1K ?@54>B2@0I5=8O ?@>?CA:0 2>?@>A>2 @5A?>=45=B0<8. 0=:8 8=AB@CF8>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89, ?@028;0 >1@0I5=8O : =820=85 A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8=AB@C1;5@A:8E ?@02 8 =0CG=>9 MB8:8 ?@8 8A?>;L7>20=88 GC6>3> 8=AB@C<5=B0@8O. "5B06 2 0=:5B=>?@>A5: ?>B5=F80;L=K5 @5A?>=45=BK, ?>B5=F80;L=K5 ?>B@518B5;8 8 M:A?5@BK- 8AA;54>20B5;8 :0: @5D5@5=B=K5 3@C??K ?@8 ?@>2545=88 ?8;>B060. 3 4C;L A=>2=K45@60=85< 70=OB89 2 B@5BL5< 4C;5 O2;O5BAO >A2>5=85 =02K:>2 ?@0:B8G5A:>9 >@30=870F88 8 ?@>2545=8O 2>3> A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> >?@>A0. "5@>G=K9 4 2 A>F8>;>38G5A:>20=88. A=>2=K5 A2545=8O > 2K1>@>G=>< 45 :0: A?>A>15 ?@81;865=8O : 8450;C 01A>;NB=> A;CG09=>9 2K1>@:8, >A=>2=K5 @07=>284=>AB8 2K1>@:8; A?5F8D8:0 2K1>@>G=>3> 40 2 A>F8>;>38G5A:>20=88. 5=5@0;L=0O 8 2K1>@>G=0O A>2>:C?=>AB8. >=OB8O " 548=8F0 0=0;870" , " 548=8F0 >B1>@0" , " 548=8F0 =01;N45=8O" , 8E A>>B=>H5=85. H81:8 >B1>@0 8 >H81:8 =01;N45=8O. "8?>;>38O A8AB5H81>: 2K1>@:8, 8E >F5=:0 8 A?>A>1K C@K, 2;8ONI85 =0 25;8G8=C 2K1>@:8: A;>6=>ABL 38?>B57 8AA;54>20=8O, AB5?5=L 3>35==>AB8/ 35B5@>35==>AB8 35=5@0;L=>9 A>2>:C?=>AB8, =0;8G=K5 @5AC@AK 8 2@52545=8O 8AA;54>20=8O. @>1;59 A>2>:C?=>AB8; 2K1>@:0 87 =5G5B:8E 35=5@0;L=KE A>2>:C?=>AB59. 07;8G=K5 A?>A>1K D>@20=8O 2K1>@>G=>9 A>2>:C?=>AB8: B=0O, 3=574>20O. -2@8AB8G5A:85 4K ?>8A:0 @5A?>=45=B>2 2 2K1>@:0E 87 =5>?@545;5==>9 35=5@0;L=>9 A>2>:C?=>AB8: 4 " :@8B8G5A:>3> =><5@0" , 4 A=56=>3> :>41>@ ?> :2>B0E>68E, 4 " D8;LB@0" . 5@28G=K5 8 2B>@8G=K5 2K1>@:8. =>3>C@>2=520O AB@0B8D8F8@>20==0 2K1>@:0: 420 B8?0 >B1>@0: B8?>;>38G5A:89 8 A;CG09=K9. AB>G=8:8 ?;0=8@>20=8O 8 D>@20=8O 2K1>@:8: AB0B8AB8:0, ?@5420@8B5;L=K5 >?@>AK. @0:B8G5A:85 ?@85BK A> AB0B8AB8G5A:8G=8:0@20=88 2K1>@>G=>9 A>2>:C?=>AB8. @8=F8?K ?;0=8@>20=8O 8 >@30=870F88 3>ABC?5=G0B>9 2K1>@:8. K1>@:0 2 ?0=5;L=KE 8 ?>2B>@=KE 8AA;54>20=8OE. 01>B0 A A5BO=45=B>2. !@>: 8 ?@8G8=K 8E 2>7=8:=>25=8O. !?>A>1K :>=B@>;O :0G5AB20 2K1>@:8 8 55 @5=B. A?>;L7>20=85 :@8B5@8O " E8- :204@0B" 8 4@C38E AB0B8AB8G5A:8E :@8B5@852 4;O :>=- B@>;O :0G5AB20 2K1>@:8. 5B>4K " @5=B0" 2K1>@:8. @>F5=B 2>72@0B0 0=:5B 2 8AA;54>20=8OE @07;8G=>3> B8?0 8 >A=>2=K5 A?>A>1K 53> ?>2KH5=8O. @>1;5@>:" - 4>?CAB8<0 ;8 70=45=B>2? ?@>AK ?> 4>2;045=8O2>9 >?KB ?@>2545=8O 2K1>@>G=KE >1A;54>20=89. K1>@>G=K5 >?@>AK 2 @>AA89A:>9( A>25BA:>9) AB0B8AB8:5, M:>=>9 =0C:5, 453@0D88, MB=>3@0D88, A>F8>;>388. "5==K5 ?@8=F8?K 2>3> A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> >?@>A0. @8=F8?K D>@20=8O 8AA;54>20B5;LA:>3> :>;;5:B820 2 8AA;54>20=8OE @07;8G=>3> B8?0 - " O4@>" 8 " ?5@8D5@8O" 2 A>F8>;>38G5A:8E 8 2KE A;C610E. '8A;5==>ABL A>B@C4=8:>2, @0A?@545;5=85 >1O70==>AB59. >AB>O==> 459AB2CNI85 :>;;5:B82K 8 " - 8E 4>AB>8=AB20 8 =54>AB0B:8. >AC40@AB25==K5 8 G0AB=K5 ( ?>;C3>AC40@AB25==K5) A>F8>;>38G5A:85 :>;;5:B82K. " 5D>@;;5468" . !>AB02;5=85 >?5@0B82=>3> ?;0=0 A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O 8 :>=B@>;L 53> 8A?>;=5=8O. @30=870F8O ?>AB>O==>9 A5B8 8=B5@2LN5@>2. A=>2=K5 ?@8=F8?K ?>43>B>2:8 8=B5@2L5@>2 2 AB@0=0E A @0728B>9 A5BLN A>F8>;>38G5A:8E A;C61. @30=870F8O M:A?548F8>==KE 8AA;54>20=89. @8=F8?K >?;0BK B@C40 ?@82;5:05B@C4=8:>2. @8=F8?K ?>41>@0 8 8=AB@C:B8@>20=8O 8=B5@2LN5@>2 8 0=:5B5@>2; B@51>20=8O : ?5@A>=0;C 2 8AA;54>20=8OE @07;8G=>3> B8?0. !>F80;L=>- 453@0D8G5A:85 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:85 E0@0:B5@8AB8:8. >=B@>;L :0G5AB20 @01>BK 8=B5@2LN5@>2 8 0=:5B5@>2, A?>A>1K 8A?@02;5=8O 4>?CI5==KE >H81>:. @028;0 8 ?@85=B@>;O :0G5AB20 A1>@0 8=D>@;=5=8O 0=:5BK 1;0=:0 8=B5@2LN. !@>:8 ?@>2545=8O 8AA;54>20=8O: :@8B8G5A:89 2=K5 AB0BL8 @0AE>4K 8AA;54>20=8O 8 A>AB02;5=85 A>B=>H5=85 AB>8AB8 8AA;54>20=89 @07;8G=>3> B8?0, 8E >A=>2=K5 :>=5=BK. 4 4C;L "520O 4>:CF8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O. D>@3>2>@0. "8?>;>38O 70:07G8:>2. A=>2=K5 ?@8=F8?K 2545=8O ?5@53>2>@>2 A 70:07G8:><. B5G5AB25==K5, 70@C156=K5 8 4=K5 D>=4K, D8=0=A8@CNI85 8AA;54>20=8O. @028;0 >D>@: 8 ?>;CG5=8O 3@0=B>2. $8=0=A>2K5 4>:CF8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O. >3>2>@, 53> A>45@60=85 8 B@51>20=8O : >B45;L=K< ?C=:B065=8O: B5E=8G5A:>5 7040=85, :0;5=40@=K9 ?;0=, A20=8O, ?@>B>:>; A>3;0H5=8O > 4>3>2>@=>9 F5=5; 0:B ?@85G=8:8 D8=0=A8@>20=8O A>F8>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89 8 4K @01>BK A =8 D8=0=A>2KE 4>:CF8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O ( 70O2:0, 4>3>2>@ 8 ?@8;>65=8O, >BG5B, ?C1;8:0F88) . AB>G=8:8 D8=0=A8@>20=8O ?@5420@8B5;L=>3> MB0?0. @82 A>F8>;>38G5A:8E @01>B. 0A?@545;5=85 MB0?>2 A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O ?> 2@58AB8 2 @07;8G=KE B8?0E A>F8>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89. >3>2>@ ?>4@O40 8 D>@20=85 ". !?5F8D8:0 >D>@2KE 4>:C2 2 8AA;54>20=8OE @07=>3> B8?0. "5GB>2>3> 8 B5;5D>==>3> >?@>A0. >AB>8=AB20 8 =54>AB0B:8 ?>GB>2>3> 8 B5;5D>==>3> >?@>A0 ?> >B=>H5=8N 4@C3 : 4@C3C 8 : 403> 8=B5@2LN 8 " @0740B>G=>3>" 0=:5B8@>20=8O. A=>2=K5 :@8B5@88 A@02=5=8O 4>2, >1;0AB8 8E ?@815==>AB8 AB820=8O @5A?>=45=B>2 2 @07=KE 2840E >?@>A>2. >@72@0B0 8 A?>A>1K 8E ?>2KH5=8O. >41>@ 8 >@30=870F8O >?5@0B>@>2 ?@8 ?@>2545=88 ?>GB>2KE 8 B5;5D>==KE >?@>A>2. A>15==>AB8 ?>AB@>5=8O 2K1>@:8, A;CG09=K9 F8D@>2>9 =01>@ =>D>@2 B5;5D>==>3> >?@>A0. D>@GB>2>3> >B?@02;5=8O, ?@>F54C@0 @0AAK;:8, :>=B@>;L 2>72@0B0 ?>GB>2KE 0=:5B. "543>B>2:0 8 >D>@2 8AA;54>20=8O. !B@C:BC@0 >BG5B0. @028;0 >D>@BG5B0. @0B:89 8 ?>;=K9 >BG5B, B@51>20=8O : =8<. @0D8G5A:85 8 B01;8G=K5 ;L7>20=85 AB0B8AB8G5A:8E 4>2. >43>B>2:0 BG5B0 8 ?C1;8:0F88 - >A=>2=K5 ?@8520=8O. A=>2=K5 @07=>284=>AB8 ?C1;8:0F89, B@51>20=8O : =820=8O. A=>2=K5 2>76=>AB8 ?C1;8:0F88 2 ?5@8>48:5 - 2 =0H59 AB@0=5 8 70 @C156>2=K5 B@51>20=8O : 70@C156=K< ?C1;8:0F8O A>45@60=8N 8 >D>@@A:8E ?@02. "52 8AA;54>20=8O. A=>2=K5 @07=>284=>AB8 ?@575=B0F88 >BG5B0. @028;0 ?@>2545=8O =0CG=KE 8 =0CG=>- ?@0:B8G5A:8E :>=D5@5=F89. 8AL@:8 @0AAK;:8. K1>@ 8 >D>@<5I5=8O. 53;0=D5@5=F88: 4>:;04K, 2KABC?;5=8O, 48A:CAA8O. A=>2=K5 ?@8=F8?K ?>AB@>5=8O CAB=>3> 4>:;040. 0740B>G=K5 @2 :>=D5@5=F88. >43>B>2:0 8 ?C1;8:0F8O >BG5B0 > :>=D5@5=F88. 8B5@0BC@0 A=>2=0O ;8B5@0BC@0 /4>2 . . !>F8>;>38G5A:>5 8A;54>20=85. 5B>4>;>38O, ?@>3@0<<0, 4K. !0 4>;>388 A>F8>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89. . =B5@?@0:A. 1 9 9 6 . >M;L -. 0AA>2K5 >?@>AK. 2545=85 2 48:C 45 A:>?88. 5@52>4 A =53>. . , 1 9 9 6 5B>4K A1>@0 8=D>@F8>;>38G5A:8E 8AA;54> 20=8OE. B2. @54. . . =4@55=:>2, . . 0A;>20. =838 1 - 2 . . , 0 C:0, 1 9 9 0 @>F5AA A>F80;L=>3> 8AA;54>20=8O. 5@52>4 A =53>. . KA;L, 1 9 7 5 ?B>= . =0;87 B01;8F A>?@O65==>AB8. . 1 9 8 4 04052 . . 0: >@30=87>20BL 8 ?@54AB028B 8AA;54>20B5;LA:89 ?@>5:B: 7 5 ?@>ABKE ?@028;. . : #- (-. $ - , 2 0 0 1 8 . !CA>:>;>2 . . @0:B8:C M:>=>9 A>F8>;>388 ( @C:>?8AL) >?>;=8B5;L=0O ;8B5@0BC@0 A=>2K ?@8:;04=>9 A>F8>;>388. #G51=8: 4;O 2C7>2. >4 @54. $. -. (5@538, . . >@H:>20. . , =B5@?@0:A, 1 9 9 6 -=F8:;>?548G5A:89 A>F8>;>38G5A:89 A;>20@L. 1I0O @540:F8O . . A8?>20. . ! 1 9 9 5 . 5:F88 ?> 48:5 :>=:@5B=KE A>F80;L=KE 8AA;54>20 =89. >4 @54. . . =4@552>9 . 740B5;LAB2> #, 1 9 7 2 J a r y D . J a r y J . 1 9 9 5 . C o l l i n s D i c t i o n a r y o f S o c i o l o g y . S e c o n d e d . , G l a s g o w : H a r p e r - C o l l i n s P u b l i s h e r s %@CF:89 . . @30=870F8O ?@>2545=8O 45;>2KE 83@. . , KAH0O H:>;0. 1 9 9 1 01>G0O :=830 A>F8>;>30. . , 0C:0, 1 9 8 3 >15@ . - . "8;L;>38O 8=482840 8 3@C??K. . @>3@5AA. 1 9 8 8 . 5@52>4 A D@0=FC7A:>3>. !C4L1K ;N459: >AA8O %% 25:. 8>3@0D88 A51J5:B A>F8>;>38G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O. . =AB8BCB A>F8>;> 388 . 1 9 9 6 . !>F80;L=>- ?A8E>;>38G5A:89 :;8;;5:B820. !?5F?@0:B8:C A>F80;L=>9 ?A8E>;>388. >4 @54. .. . C:>20. 7 40B5;LAB2> #. . 1 9 8 1 -=F8:;>?548O ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E B5AB>2. 8G=>ABL, B820F8O, ?>B@51=>ABL/ . >B820F8>==K5, 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5, AB=K5 0A?5:BK. / 1I5=85. 845@AB2>. 56;8G=>AB=K5 >B=>H5=8O. !5@8O " @0:B8G5A:0O ?A8E>;>38O 4;O 2A5E" . !". 1 9 9 7 5;=0? . !B8; ". >38:0 2>?@>A>2 8 >B25B>2. . 1 9 8 1 1@07FK 4>3>2>@>2 A :><<5=B0@8O4=K9 :><<5@G5A:89 0@18B@06. . $8=0=AK 8 AB0B8AB8:0. 1 9 9 7 D e n z i n N ( e d ) 1 9 7 0 . S o c i o l o g i c a l M e t h o d s : a S o u r c e B o o k , C h i c a g o : A l d i n e . G a l t u n g J . 1 9 6 8 R e s e a r c h M e t h o d s i n t h e S o c i a l S c i e n c e s . D i l l m a n D . 1 9 7 6 . M a i l a n d T e l e p h o n e S u r v e y s . "52. ! ?/ ? 0820=85 @0745;>2 8 B5@=K5 G0AK >=B@. 8/ 8;8 :C@A>2K5 @01>BK !0AB>OB5;L=0O @01>B0 A53> G0A>2 ;5:F88 !5 1 "5==K5 ;5:F88 4 - 1 6 - - 4 2 2545=85 2 - 2 - - 2 3 >AB0=>2:0 ?@>1;53@0<<0 2 - 2 - - 2 5 =AB@C?@>A 2 - 2 - - 2 7 =:5B0 2 - 2 - - 2 8 8;>B06 2 - 2 - - 2 9 K1>@:0 2 - 2 - - 2 1 0 @30=870F8O >?@>A0 4 - 4 - - 4 1 2 >3>2>@, 4>:CGB>2K9/ B5;5D>==K9 >?@>A 2 - 2 - - 2 1 4 BG5B 2 - 2 - - 2 1 5 @575=B0F8O 2 - 4 - - 4 >43>B>2:0 8 @50;870F8O 8AA;54>20=8O 6 4 1 1 2 1 7 6 A53> 4 0 6 4 C@A>20O, 4 MAA5 2 1 6 2B>@ ?@>3@0<:>;>2 . . / : & ( * , f \ l
0
4
6
l
4 " " B% % `+ + . / 8 29 DC vC C E F F M N R vR (Z Z _ _ l l z Pz r{ { } r ę ҙ : h ~ ֱ v | ~ >*65CJ CJ( CJ
58CJ4 589OJ QJ 85 5OJ QJ OJ QJ 5OJ QJ P :
& ( * , f \ b d f h j l $ } :
& ( * , f \ b d f h j l , \
~xurol 8
N Obcdefghi
@ABCDv
v
) , \
2 4 r ` * $ $ $
& F $ $
2 4 r ` * ` ~ B" " @% B% % ^& & `'
( v( ) * N+ + , P- - . / 0 0 1 82 3 B4 4 >5 \5 5 |yvs Wf2<}!] ^ A
q5 \5 5 7 8 8 29 N: < < = n= = A &C DC HC tC vC C D E $ $ $
& F $ 5 7 8 8 29 N: < (JKa
cr=Nvly -E E E F F J L M N N R vR tS T U W ~X tY &Z (Z Z Z 4\ ] _ _ ` c e Rh $ ` c e Rh k fl l l zm o ^r s t t v *w w $x y y Pz N{ r{ { | } $ ކ h T r . ޔ ڗ ę ԙ : ~{xu #y{6EB(L^:p+H{ B .Rh k fl l l zm o ^r s t t v *w w $x y y Pz N{ r{ { | } $ ކ h $ T r . ޔ ڗ ę ԙ : 4 H f h . $ : 4 H f h . : ~ ү ֱ ر ܲ 2 v ~ 0 {xuog Ʒ
/ J
/
u
C
Ƽ-/xQRa % : ~ ү ֱ ر ܲ 2
5440.13 ()
478
dhl
.
knauf
dolmar
dimplex model magic (sp8)
rlc
-4361
dr
21102
dolmar
nokia 6021
2112
1
2112
li-da
2115
frigidaire
de luxe 5040.11
.
datamax
kaasi
online
dimplex model lee rc
motorola v3i
snr
pki
southpark
vps vds
.
renu multiplus 355